EKSPEDISI, MELINTAS ALAM (BAGIAN PERTAMA)

Oleh:
Abd. Hallaf Hanafie Prasad


Gunung dan Pegunungan
Pegunungan itu telah membentuk manusia dan telah banyak menentukan perjalanan sejarah dunianya. Kerap kali manusia harus menyingkir menghadapi sosok masifnya dan kadang-kadang manusia takut serta kalah menghadapi puncak-puncaknya yang berselimut es. Sesekali pegunungan memang memberikan perlindungan kepada manusia. Namun yang jelas, pegunungan senantiasa merupakan tantangan bagi manusia. “Bawalah ke sini orang-orang yang ingin bertanding dengan gunung-gunungku”, demikianlah bunyi pahatan pada salah satu bangunan negara di Sakramento, Kalifornia. Hampir setengah abad yang lalu lebih sedikit, Sakramento adalah pusat pergerakan massa termasyhur untuk mendaki gunung, untuk beramai-ramai mencari emas di Forty-nine. Emas di gumuk-gumuk itu telah lama ditambang habis, dan lereng-lereng tinggi di Sierra Nevada di beberapa tempat telah berubah menjadi kota hantu. Tetapi orang Kalifornia masih menantang gunung mereka, dan merekapun masih dibentuk oleh gunung-gunung itu, sebab salju-salju yang mencair di gunung mereka bendung dan mereka salurkan dengan pipa ke tanah dataran rendah. Salju cair itulah yang mengubah gurun di pantai menjadi kebun, dan kebun ini mengubah Kalifornia menjadi negara bagian dengan penduduk yang paling banyak di A.S.
Dengan begitu mungkin menjadi tampaklah bahwa bila ada kebebasan memilih dan ada kemungkinan untuk kemajuan pribadi, maka orang akan menyadap harta kekayaan gunung – mineralnya, air, hutan, kemungkinannya sebagai obyek wisata – namun orang tidak akan hidup di sana. Ini tampaknya berlaku untuk tanah-tanah baru seperti di American West, Pegunungan Cadas Kanada dan Pegunungan Alpen di Selandia Baru. Tetapi ini pun hanyalah sebagian dari ceritanya, dan cerita manusia beserta gunungnya di tempat-tempat itu barulah dimulai. Manusia telah hadir di daerah pegunungan semenjak para pemburu pertama mendaki lereng-lereng pada zaman purba. Hubungan manusia dengan gunung hampir setua hubungan manusia dengan laut yang membuainya.
Sebabnya ialah karena kondisi hidup di pegunungan memang lain, dan biasanya berat bagi manusia. Pada pokoknya, kondisi-kondisi itu ditentukan oleh tiga pengaruh yang mengendalikannya dan oleh cara-cara bagiamana ketiga unsur tersebut tergabung. Faktor yang mengatur garis kehidupannya ini adalah kawasan pegunungan, iklim dan keterasingan dari orang-orang lain yang dipaksakan oleh kehidupan gunung.
Yang terpenting dari ketiga unsur itu adalah kawasannya. Di daerah yang sangat baik iklimnya sekalipun, pegunungan akan menimbulkan tekanan yang memberatkan hidup manusia. Kesukaran ini dapat diatasi, tetapi harganya tinggi. Miringnya tanah mempersulit segala sesuatu. Di sini diperlukan tenaga ekstra, tidak hanya untuk merem laju bobot yang disandang pada waktu turun. Semua ladang di lereng gunung memerlukan lebih banyak penggarapan. Lagi pula, lereng tidak hanya merupakan musuh pasif, tetapi juga mengerus tanah persawahan itu sendiri.
(dari Pustaka Alam : GUNUNG: 129-130)
Pegunungan selalu memenuhi sanubari manusia dengan rasa adikodrati. Pada zaman dahulu pernah ada orang yang mengira bahwa puncak gunung itu menyangga langit agar langit tidak runtuh. Bagi orang Yunani kuno Pilar Herkules yang menyembul di kedua sisi Selat Giblartar menopang ujung langit. Orang Cina kuno memandang lima gunungnya, yakni Heng Shan di utara, Sung Shan di tengah, Hua Shan di barat, Heng Shan di selatan dan T’ai Shan di timur, sebagai penopang langit. Menurut legenda mereka, naga berpipi merah Kung Kung menerjang Heng Shan di utara dan memiringkan angkasa. Peristiwa ini lalu menyebabkan dunia miring ke arah tenggara hingga mengakibatkan banjir besar.
Pegunungan memancarkan keheningan dan kefasihan alam kodrat. Gunung itu menyebabkan manusia bertengadah dan merasakan kedekatan surga. Tempat tinggi adalah tempat suci. Musa menerima Sepuluh Perintah Allah di Gunung Sinai, sedangkan Budha lahir di bawah bayang-bayang Pegunungan Himalaya. Biara-biara besar, misalnya Patola di Lhasa, biara Bernardus, dan biara Gunung Athos, ada di tempat tinggi. Lotus Emas yang diciptakan dewa Hindu Vishnu, Sang Pencipta, timbul dari kehampaan, terdiri dari helai-helai bunga berupa puncak Himalaya, dan dari jantungnya mengalir sungai yang penuh keramat, Sungai Gangga. Ezekiel mengatakan bahwa surga dunia itu letaknya di gunung tinggi yang menjadi sumber air hidup. Orang Yunani menaruh panteon mereka di atas Gunung Olympus, yang disajakkan Homerus: “Tak kan goyah oleh bayu. Tak kan basah oleh tetes-tetes tirta dari angkasa. Tak kan tertembus oleh salju. Begitulah sasana segala dewa di puncak cakrawala cerah bermandikan sinar surya. Di situlah para Dewa bahagia mengenyam suka hari demi hari, sepanjang masa ......”.
(dari Pustaka Alam, GUNUNG: 138)
Para Pendaki Pendahulu
Di antara peristiwa-peristiwa besar tahun 1492 ada satu yang selalu diingat-ingat orang, terutama oleh mereka yang senang mendaki gunung. Pada tahun yang bersejarah itu Antoine de Ville, bendaharawan Raja Karel VIII dari Perancis, mematuhi perintah Raja untuk memimpin regu pendaki puncak Mont Aiguille. Puncak gunung yang berada di Alpen Dauphine dekat Grenoble ini terkenal sebagai “gunung yang tak terdaki”. Dengan berani de Ville telah membuktikan kebalikannya. Ia bahkan berada di atas puncaknya selama tiga hari. Setelah itu de Ville turun kembali dan menulis “laporan pertamanya yang lengkap, tepat dan terperinci” tentang percobaan manusia yang pertama dalam catatan sejarah pendakian gunung besar tanpa pamrih lain kecuali untuk menginjakkan kaki di puncaknya.
Pecahnya gelora entusiasme sejati pertama untuk mendaki gunung terjadi sebelum pertengahan abd ke-16. Dan yang ikut menggelora hatinya pada waktu itu termasuk Leonardo da Vinci, yang mendaki lereng selatan Pegunungan Pennina. Gerakan tersebut dipusatkan di Surich dan pemimpinnya adalah Conrad von Gesner, ahli pengetahuan alam kenamaan yang telah membuat keputusan pribadi untuk mendaki paling sedikit satu puncak setiap tahunnya agar dengan demikian terpenuhilah “kepuasan jiwanya”.

Bagaimana dengan ekspedisi Marco Polo (1271-‘95), Columbus (1495-‘93), Cabot (1498), Vasco da Gama (1497-‘99), Magalhaes (1519-‘22), Drake (1577-‘80), Tasman (1642-‘43), Cook (1768-‘80), La Pérouse (1786-‘88)?

Dan, sekarang penjelajahan itu diarahkan ke angkasa luar, atau ke dasar-dasar samudera paling dalam.

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